IT Application Portfolio Management (APM) is a practice that has emerged in mid to large size Information Technology (IT) organizations since the mid 1990s. Application Portfolio Management attempts to use the lessons of financial portfolio management to justify and measure the financial benefits of each application in comparison to the costs of the application's maintenance and operations.

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Business Process Management (BPM) is an emerging field of knowledge and research at the intersection between management and information technology, encompassing methods, techniques and tools to design, enact, control, and analyze operational business processes involving humans, organizations, applications, documents and other sources of information.[1] The term operational business processes refers to repetitive business processes performed by organizations in the context of their day-to-day operations, as opposed to strategic decision-making processes which are performed by the top-level management of an organization. BPM differs from business process reengineering, a management approach popular in the 1990s, in that it does not aim at one-off revolutionary changes to business processes, but at their continuous evolution. In addition, BPM usually combines management methods with information technology. BPM covers activities performed by organizations to manage and, if necessary, to improve their business processes. While such a goal is hardly new, software tools called business process management systems (BPM systems) have made such activities faster and cheaper. BPM systems monitor the execution of the business processes so that managers can analyze and change processes in response to data, rather than just a hunch. In short, Business Process Management is a management model that allows the organizations to manage their processes as any other assets and improve and manage them over the period of time. In a medium to large organization scenario, a good business process management system allows business to accommodate day to day changes in business processes due to competitive, regulatory or market challenges in business processes without overly relying IT departments. This strikes a fine balance between dynamic business areas that want to avoid every risk and grab every opportunity on their way through agile changes in their way to business but are very often restricted by a very stable and hard to change IT infrastructure.

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Mobile software is designed to run on handheld computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones and cellphones. Since the first handheld computers of the 1980s, the popularity of these platforms has risen considerably. Recent model cellphones have included the ability to run user-installed software.

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Computer security is a branch of information security applied to both theoretical and actual computer systems. Computer security is a branch of computer science that addresses enforcement of 'secure' behavior on the operation of computers. The definition of 'secure' varies by application, and is typically defined implicitly or explicitly by a security policy that addresses confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic information that is processed by or stored on computer systems.

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A database management system (DBMS) is computer software designed for the purpose of managing databases. A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators.

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Network performance management is the discipline of optimizing how networks function, trying to deliver the lowest latency, highest capacity, and maximum reliability despite intermittent failures and limited bandwidth. Reliable and unreliable networks: Networks connect users or machines to one another using sets of well-defined protocols to govern how data is transmitted. Depending on the type of network and the goals of the application, the protocols may be optimized for specific characteristics.

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Software development is the translation of a user need or marketing goal into a software product.[1][2] Software development is sometimes understood to encompass the processes of software engineering combined with the research and goals of software marketing to develop computer software products.[3] This is in contrast to marketing software, which may or may not involve new product development. It is often difficult to isolate whether engineering or marketing is more responsible for the success or failure of a software product to satisfy customer expectations. This is why it is important to understand both processes and/or facilitate collaboration between both engineering and marketing in the total software development process. Engineering and marketing concerns are often balanced in the role of a project manager that may or may not use that title. Marketing involvement is also known as software requirements analysis.[4] Because software development may involve compromising or going beyond what is required by the client, a software development project may stray into processes not usually associated with engineering such as market research, human resources, risk management, intellectual property, budgeting, crisis management, etc. These processes may also cause the role of business development to overlap with software development.

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Speaker recognition (also known as voice recognition) is the computing task of recognizing people (which may involve identifying them and/or authenticating their identity) from their voices. Such systems extract features from speech, model them, and use them to recognize the person from his/her voice. Note that there is a difference between speaker recognition (recognizing who is speaking) and speech recognition (recognizing what is being said). These two terms are frequently confused, as is voice recognition. Voice recognition is a synonym for speaker, and thus not speech, recognition. Speaker recognition has a history dating back some four decades, where the output of several analog filters was averaged over time for matching. Speaker recognition uses the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect both anatomy (e.g., size and shape of the throat and mouth) and learned behavioral patterns (e.g., voice pitch, speaking style). This incorporation of learned patterns into the voice templates (the latter called "voiceprints") has earned speaker recognition its classification as a "behavioral biometric."

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